\u00dea\u00f0 er enginn h\u00f6rgull \u00e1 v\u00edsunum \u00ed Versalasamningana 1919 um \u00feessar mundir. Versalasamningar er \u00ed hugum flestra gleggsta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig \u00f3bilgirni sigurvegara getur komi\u00f0 \u00ed hausinn \u00e1 \u00feeim og skapa\u00f0 jar\u00f0veg haturs, sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar lei\u00f0ir til enn frekari vandam\u00e1la.<\/p>\n
\u00deessi t\u00falkun er r\u00edkjandi \u00ed \u00f6llum kennslub\u00f3kum \u00ed sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i og helstu uppflettiritum. Undantekningarl\u00edti\u00f0 er sj\u00f3num beint a\u00f0 \u00feeim mist\u00f6kum sem ger\u00f0 voru \u00e1 Versalafundinum og afdrifar\u00edkum aflei\u00f0ingum \u00feeirra. Oftar en ekki er svo teflt fram andst\u00e6\u00f0unum: frj\u00e1lslyndri al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ahyggju Wilsons Bandar\u00edkjaforseta\u00a0en hins vegar\u00a0\u00fevergir\u00f0ingsh\u00e6tti og hefnigrini sumra evr\u00f3pskra lei\u00f0toga, einkum Frakka.<\/p>\n
\u00cd \u00f6llum kennslub\u00f3kunum m\u00ednum \u00ed grunnsk\u00f3la, menntask\u00f3la og raunar \u00ed h\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum l\u00edka, var Woodrow Wilson lofsunginn og talinn einna mestur bandar\u00edskra forseta. Fyrir viki\u00f0 fannst m\u00e9r skr\u00edti\u00f0 a\u00f0 rekast \u00e1 skammargreinar fri\u00f0samra bandar\u00edskra h\u00e6grimanna \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Ron Paul, sem hefur margoft raki\u00f0 upphaf vondrar bandar\u00edskrar utanr\u00edkisstefnu til Wilsons.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er reyndar mj\u00f6g \u00e1hugavert fyrir sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0inga a\u00f0 velta \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hvernig standi \u00e1 \u00feessari almennu s\u00e1tt um t\u00falkunina \u00e1 Versalasamningunum. Hvers vegna eru samningarnir svo almennt taldir hafa geti\u00f0 af s\u00e9r seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ldina?<\/p>\n
\u00c6tli \u00fea\u00f0 megi ekki \u00f6\u00f0ru fremur kenna tveimur m\u00f6nnum um \u00feessa t\u00falkun: Keynes og Hitler.<\/p>\n
S\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndi, hamra\u00f0i st\u00f6\u00f0ugt \u00e1 Versalasamningunum \u00ed \u00f6llum s\u00ednum \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ri – jafnt inn\u00e1vi\u00f0 sem \u00fat\u00e1vi\u00f0. Versalasamningarnir voru \u00f3vins\u00e6lir me\u00f0al \u00fe\u00fdsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar og me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kenna \u00feeim um sem allra flest, g\u00e1tu nasistar slegi\u00f0 margar flugur \u00ed einu h\u00f6ggi: skellt skuldinni \u00e1 \u00fatlendinga, gy\u00f0inga, s\u00f3s\u00edaldem\u00f3krata o.s.frv. \u00cd \u00feeim skilningi er \u00fea\u00f0 vissulega r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 Versalasamningarnir reyndust t\u00e6ki sem beita m\u00e1tti til str\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e6singa – en \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fearf \u00fe\u00f3 ekki endilega a\u00f0 fela \u00ed s\u00e9r d\u00f3m um innihald \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n
John Maynard Keynes skrifa\u00f0i \u00feegar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1919 \u00e1hrifamikla b\u00f3k \u00fear sem Versalasamningarnir voru gagnr\u00fdndir har\u00f0lega. B\u00f3kin vakti mikla athygli, en h\u00fan haf\u00f0i a\u00f0 geyma svarts\u00fdna sp\u00e1 um a\u00f0 afarkostir \u00feeir sem \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verjum v\u00e6ru settir v\u00e6ru h\u00e6ttuspil. Me\u00f0 vaxandi fr\u00e6g\u00f0 Keynes sem hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegs hugsu\u00f0ar og uppgangi \u00f6fgaafla \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi sem aftur leiddi til n\u00fdrrar styrjaldar, er ekki a\u00f0 undra \u00fe\u00f3tt margir hafi tali\u00f0 sp\u00e1s\u00f6gnina fullkomna\u00f0a.<\/p>\n
\u00deegar heimsstyrj\u00f6ldin s\u00ed\u00f0ari braust \u00fat einungis tuttugu \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 Versalasamningarnir voru sta\u00f0festir, m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 s\u00f6gulegur d\u00f3mur \u00feeirra (ef h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 nota \u00fea\u00f0 glannalega hugtak) hafi veri\u00f0 endanlega undirrita\u00f0ur. S\u00e1raf\u00e1ir sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar hafa gert tilraun til a\u00f0 bera blak af \u00feeim. \u00c1 \u00fev\u00ed eru \u00fe\u00f3 undantekningar.<\/p>\n
Sumir hafa bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt Versalasamningarnir hafi kannski hvorki veri\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ir e\u00f0a skynsamlegir – \u00fe\u00e1 hafi \u00feeir veri\u00f0 skiljanlegir og r\u00f6kr\u00e9ttir \u00ed lj\u00f3si a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na. Auglj\u00f3sustu r\u00f6kin fyrir \u00feessu eru fri\u00f0arsamningar \u00feeir sem \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verjar h\u00f6f\u00f0u sj\u00e1lfir gert R\u00fassum a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja f\u00e1einum m\u00e1nu\u00f0um fyrr. \u00deeir samningar voru miklu har\u00f0ari og f\u00f3lu \u00ed s\u00e9r mun \u00feyngri klyfjar fyrir R\u00fassa en nokku\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem sigurvegararnir bu\u00f0u \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verjum upp \u00e1 1919.<\/p>\n
A\u00f0rir hafa bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 deilurnar um str\u00ed\u00f0sska\u00f0ab\u00e6turnar hafi veri\u00f0 heitastar fram til 1924, en eftir sam\u00feykkt Dawes-\u00e1\u00e6tlunarinnar \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1r hafi mj\u00f6g slakna\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeirri spennu. T\u00edmabili\u00f0 1924-31 var t\u00edmi batnandi samskipta milli r\u00edkja \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu, en me\u00f0 heimskreppunni \u00fer\u00f3ast m\u00e1l aftur til verri vegar. \u00deessar sta\u00f0reyndir r\u00edma hins vegar illa vi\u00f0 hugmyndina um a\u00f0 Versalasamningarnir hafi \u00e1 einhvern h\u00e1tt gert n\u00fdja styrj\u00f6ld \u00f3umfl\u00fdjanlega allt fr\u00e1 1919.<\/p>\n
Margaret MacMillan er einn f\u00e1rra sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0inga sem gengi\u00f0 hafa hva\u00f0 lengst \u00ed a\u00f0 verja Versalasamningana. \u00dea\u00f0 ger\u00f0i h\u00fan \u00ed\u00a0mj\u00f6g \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ri b\u00f3k sinni um \u00fe\u00e1 fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2002<\/a>.<\/p>\n Auk \u00feess a\u00f0 vera kanad\u00edskur doktor \u00ed sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 Oxford-h\u00e1sk\u00f3la, er MacMillan barnabarnabarn Davids Lloyd Georges, fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra Breta og lykilmanns \u00ed samningunum.<\/p>\n H\u00fan bendir \u00e1 hv\u00edl\u00edkt afrek \u00fea\u00f0 hafi \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir allt veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 endurskapa stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakerfi Evr\u00f3pu og raunar h\u00e1lfrar heimsbygg\u00f0arinnar \u00e1 f\u00e1einum m\u00e1nu\u00f0um og hvernig fri\u00f0arsamningarnir hafi leitt til \u00f6ndvegis \u00fdmis vi\u00f0horf og sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 sem teljist sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00ed dag.<\/p>\n Var\u00f0andi \u00fe\u00e1tt Versalasamninganna \u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari heimsstyrj\u00f6ldin braust \u00fat, kemst MacMillan a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 samningarnir hafi ekki orsaka\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 en \u00feeim hafi mistekist a\u00f0 afst\u00fdra \u00fev\u00ed. \u00deannig hafi str\u00ed\u00f0sska\u00f0ab\u00e6turnar reynst drj\u00fagt \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0urst\u00e6ki, en \u00ed raun hafi h\u00f6fundar samninganna alls ekki haft \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 lei\u00f0arlj\u00f3si a\u00f0 kreista hvern bl\u00f3\u00f0dropa \u00fat \u00far \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verjum, heldur a\u00f0 ganga \u00feannig um hn\u00fatana a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 kynna kj\u00f3sendum heima fyrir n\u00e6gilega h\u00e1a upph\u00e6\u00f0 ska\u00f0ab\u00f3ta, \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 til st\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 innheimta nema brot \u00feeirrar upph\u00e6\u00f0ar. Ekki megi gleyma \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir ey\u00f0ileggingu str\u00ed\u00f0sins og h\u00f6r\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i sigurvegaranna, hafi \u00de\u00fdskaland engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur komi\u00f0 \u00fat \u00far fyrri heimsstyrj\u00f6ldinni sem \u00f6flugasta i\u00f0nveldi Evr\u00f3pu.<\/p>\n M\u00e6li me\u00f0 \u00feessari b\u00f3k fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 sem vilja f\u00e1 a\u00f0eins \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi s\u00fdn \u00e1 \u00feessa mikilv\u00e6gu t\u00edma \u00ed Evr\u00f3pus\u00f6gunni.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00dea\u00f0 er enginn h\u00f6rgull \u00e1 v\u00edsunum \u00ed Versalasamningana 1919 um \u00feessar mundir. Versalasamningar er \u00ed hugum flestra gleggsta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig \u00f3bilgirni sigurvegara getur komi\u00f0 \u00ed hausinn \u00e1 \u00feeim og skapa\u00f0 jar\u00f0veg haturs, sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar lei\u00f0ir til enn frekari vandam\u00e1la. \u00deessi t\u00falkun er r\u00edkjandi \u00ed \u00f6llum kennslub\u00f3kum \u00ed sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i og helstu uppflettiritum. Undantekningarl\u00edti\u00f0 er … Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa: 1919<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/truflun.net\/stefan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3031","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/truflun.net\/stefan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/truflun.net\/stefan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truflun.net\/stefan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truflun.net\/stefan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3031"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/truflun.net\/stefan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3031\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/truflun.net\/stefan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truflun.net\/stefan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truflun.net\/stefan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}